Forging and testing standards: NDT, mechanical and corrosion
The forging standard sets the composition, treatment and properties. The testing standards say how to verify: NDT looks for internal and surface defects; mechanical and corrosion tests confirm the properties.
Forging standards
| Standard | Scope |
|---|---|
| ASTM A788 | General requirements for steel forgings |
| ASTM A105 | Carbon steel forgings for piping components |
| ASTM A182 | Alloy and stainless steel forgings for piping: F11, F22, F91, F316L, F51, F53, F55 |
| ASTM A350 | Carbon and alloy steel forgings with Charpy for low temperature (LF2, LF3) |
| ASTM A694 | High-strength forgings for transmission service (F42 to F70) |
| ASTM B564 | Nickel alloy forgings (625, 718, 825, C-276) |
| ASTM B381 | Titanium forgings |
| EN 10250 | Open-die steel forgings for general use (parts 1 to 4) |
| EN 10222 | Steel forgings for pressure equipment (parts 1 to 5) |
Non-destructive testing (NDT)
| Standard | Test |
|---|---|
| ASTM A388 | Ultrasonic examination of steel forgings |
| EN 10228-1 / -2 | Magnetic particle / liquid penetrant on forgings |
| EN 10228-3 / -4 | Ultrasonic testing of ferritic and martensitic / austenitic and duplex forgings |
| ASTM E709 / E1444 | Magnetic particle |
| ASTM E165 / E1417 | Liquid penetrant |
Mechanical and corrosion tests
| Standard | Test |
|---|---|
| ASTM A370 / E8 / ISO 6892-1 | Tensile: yield strength, tensile strength and elongation |
| ASTM A370 / E23 / ISO 148-1 | Charpy impact, including at low temperature |
| ASTM E10, E18, E92 | Brinell, Rockwell and Vickers hardness |
| ASTM A923 | Intermetallic phases in duplex and super duplex |
| ASTM G48 | Pitting and crevice corrosion in ferric chloride (CPT/CCT) |
| ASTM A262 | Intergranular corrosion in austenitic stainless |
| ASTM E1476 / E1916 | Positive material identification (PMI) |
In practice
- Forging reduction: starting from cast material (ingot), the usual minimum is 3:1. Starting from already rolled or forged bar, the new forging only changes the shape. See the forging calculator.
- Ultrasonic testing: define the standard and the quality class in the order; without that there is no acceptance criterion.
- Dustre laboratory: PMI, tensile, hardness and Charpy. See the testing laboratory.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between ASTM A182 and A105?
A105 is for carbon steel only. A182 covers alloy steels (F11, F22, F91), stainless (F304L, F316L) and duplex (F51, F53, F55) for the same piping applications.
Does every forging need ultrasonic testing?
No. Ultrasonic testing is required by the customer specification, by the equipment standard or on critical parts. When requested, the standard (e.g. ASTM A388) and the acceptance criterion must be stated in the order.
Certified forgingsWe forge stainless, duplex, nickel, titanium and alloy steels with testing.
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